How to Deploy Ghost v0.11 LTS on Ubuntu 16.04

Ghost is an open source blogging platform that has been gaining popularity among developers and ordinary users since its 2013 release. It puts focus on content and blogging. The most attractive thing about Ghost is its simple, clean, and responsive design. You can write your blog posts from a mobile phone. Content for Ghost is written using the Markdown language. Ghost is perfect fit for individuals or small groups of writers.

In this guide we are going to set up and deploy a secure Ghost v0.11.x LTS blog on an Ubuntu 16.04 LTS VPS using Let’s Encrypt, Certbot, Node.js, NPM, NGINX and MySQL.

Requirements

• Register (purchase) a domain name.
• Ubuntu server 16.04 server instance with minimum of 1GB RAM.
• Sudo user.

Before you begin

1. Create a new non-root user account:

   adduser johndoe --gecos "John Doe"
   

2. Make it superuser by adding it to sudo group:

   usermod -aG sudo johndoe
   

3. Switch to new user:

   su - johndoe
   

4. Update your operating system’s software:

   sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y
   

5. Set up the timezone:

   sudo dpkg-reconfigure tzdata
   

6. Install required tools:

   sudo apt install -y build-essential zip unzip vim nano openssl wget curl git apt-transport-https
   

7. Reboot system if required:

   sudo shutdown -r now
   

Install Certbot

NOTE: Before starting this step, ensure that you have set DNS records for your domain.

We are going to use Let’s Encrypt CA and EFF’s Certbot client to obtain SSL/TLS certificate for our Ghost blog. Don’t forget to replace all instances of blog.domain.tld with your domain name.

1. Install Certbot (formerly Let’s Encrypt client) certificate management software made with Python:

   sudo apt update
   sudo apt install -y software-properties-common
   sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:certbot/certbot
   sudo apt update
   sudo apt install -y certbot
   

2. Check Certbot version:

   certbot --version
   # certbot 0.14.2
   

3. Obtain RSA certificate by using standalone authentication method (plugin):

   sudo certbot certonly --standalone --domains blog.domain.tld --rsa-key-size 2048 --must-staple --email admin@domain.tld --no-eff-email --agree-tos
   
   # IMPORTANT NOTES:
   #  - Congratulations! Your certificate and chain have been saved at 
      /etc/letsencrypt/live/blog.domain.tld/fullchain.pem. 
   #  Your cert will expire on YYYY-MM-DD. . . .
   #  . . .
   

   After going through previous steps, your certificate and private key will be in the /etc/letsencrypt/live/blog.domain.tld directory.

Install Node.js and NPM

NOTE: Ghost currently supports Node.js versions 4.5+ and 6.9+ only.

Ghost is built on Node.js. We are going to install the recommended version for Ghost which is v6 Boron LTS at the time of this writing.

1. Download and install Node.js v6 LTS:

   curl -sL https://deb.nodesource.com/setup_6.x | sudo -E bash -
   sudo apt install -y nodejs
   

2. Check Node.js and NPM version:

   node -v && npm -v
   # v6.11.1
   # 3.10.10
   

Install MySQL

By default, Ghost comes configured to use an SQLite database, which requires no configuration.

Alternatively Ghost can also be used with a MySQL database by changing the database configuration. You must create a database and user first, you can then change the existing sqlite3 config.

1. Download and install MySQL:

   sudo apt install -y mysql-server
   

   NOTE: During the installation, you will be prompted for MySQL “root” user password. You should set a secure password for the MySQL “root” user.

2. Check MySQL version:

   mysql --version
   # mysql  Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.7.18, for Linux (x86_64) using  EditLine wrapper
   

3. Check if MySQL daemon has started and is running:

   sudo systemctl status mysql.service
   sudo systemctl is-enabled mysql.service
   

4. Run the mysql_secure_installation script to secure your database a bit:

   sudo mysql_secure_installation
   

5. Log into MySQL as the root user:

   mysql -u root -p
   # Enter password:
   

6. Create a new MySQL database and user:

   create database dbname;
   grant all on dbname.* to 'user' identified by 'password';
   

7. Exit MySQL:

   exit
   

Install NGINX

1. Download and install the latest mainline version of NGINX from the official NGINX repository:

   wget https://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.key
   sudo apt-key add nginx_signing.key
   rm nginx_signing.key
   sudo -s
   printf "deb https://nginx.org/packages/mainline/ubuntu/ `lsb_release -sc` nginx /ndeb-src https://nginx.org/packages/mainline/ubuntu/ `lsb_release -sc` nginx /n" >> /etc/apt/sources.list.d/nginx_mainline.list
   exit
   sudo apt update
   sudo apt install -y nginx nginx-module-geoip nginx-module-image-filter nginx-module-njs nginx-module-perl nginx-module-xslt nginx-nr-agent
   

2. Verify that it is installed by checking the NGINX version:

   sudo nginx -v
   # nginx version: nginx/1.13.3
   

3. Check status, enable and start NGINX service (daemon):

   sudo systemctl status nginx.service # inactive (dead)
   sudo systemctl enable nginx.service
   sudo systemctl start nginx.service
   

4. Create /etc/nginx/ssl directory and generate a new Diffie-Hellman (DH) group:

   sudo mkdir -p /etc/nginx/ssl
   sudo openssl dhparam -out /etc/nginx/ssl/dhparams-2048.pem 2048
   

5. Create log directory for blog.domain.tld virtual host:

   sudo mkdir -p /var/log/nginx/blog.domain.tld
   

6. Configure NGINX as a HTTP(S) reverse proxy server:

   sudo vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/ghost.conf
   

7. Paste the following in /etc/nginx/conf.d/ghost.conf:

   # domain: blog.domain.tld
   # public: /var/www/ghost
   
   upstream ghost_app {
       server 127.0.0.1:2368;
       keepalive 32;
   }
   
   server {
       listen [::]:80 default_server;
       listen 80 default_server;
       listen [::]:443 ssl http2 default_server;
       listen 443 ssl http2 default_server;
   
       server_name blog.domain.tld;
       root /var/www/ghost;
   
       error_log /var/log/nginx/blog.domain.tld/error.log;
       access_log /var/log/nginx/blog.domain.tld/access.log;
   
       client_max_body_size 100M;
   
       ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/blog.domain.tld/fullchain.pem;
       ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/blog.domain.tld/privkey.pem;
       ssl_dhparam ssl/dhparams-2048.pem;
   
       ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
       ssl_ciphers 'ECDHE-ECDSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-RSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:EDH-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:AES128-GCM-SHA256:AES256-GCM-SHA384:AES128-SHA256:AES256-SHA256:AES128-SHA:AES256-SHA:DES-CBC3-SHA:!DSS';
       ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
   
       ssl_buffer_size 4K;
   
       ssl_session_timeout 1d;
       ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:50M;
       ssl_session_tickets off;
   
       ssl_stapling on;
       ssl_stapling_verify on;
       ssl_trusted_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/blog.domain.tld/chain.pem;
   
       resolver 8.8.8.8 8.8.4.4 valid=300s;
   
       location / {
           proxy_pass http://ghost_app;
           proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
           proxy_set_header Host $http_host;
           proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
           proxy_hide_header X-Powered-By;
   
           proxy_http_version 1.1;
           proxy_set_header Connection "";
   
       }
   }
   

8. Save and test NGINX configuration for syntax errors:

   sudo nginx -t
   

9. Reload NGINX configuration:

   sudo systemctl reload nginx.service
   

Install Ghost

NOTE: If you want to host multiple Ghost blogs on same VPS, each Ghost instance must be running on a separate port.

1. Create document root directory:

   sudo mkdir -p /var/www/
   

2. Create a new ghost user:

   sudo adduser --shell /bin/bash --gecos 'Ghost application' --disabled-password ghost
   

3. Download Ghost:

   curl -L https://github.com/TryGhost/Ghost/releases/download/0.11.10/Ghost-0.11.10.zip -o ghost.zip
   

4. Unzip Ghost into the /var/www/ghost directory (recommended install location):

   sudo unzip -uo ghost.zip -d /var/www/ghost
   rm ghost.zip
   

5. Move to the new ghost directory:

   cd /var/www/ghost
   

6. Change the ownership of the /var/www/ghost directory:

   sudo chown -R ghost:ghost .
   

7. Switch to new ghost user:

   sudo su - ghost
   

8. Navigate to document root /var/www/ghost:

   cd /var/www/ghost
   

9. Install Ghost with production dependencies only. When this completes, Ghost is installed:

   npm install --production
   

10. Configure Ghost by changing url, mail and database property of production object inside of config.js file:

    cp config.example.js config.js
    vim /var/www/ghost/config.js
    
    
    var path = require('path'),
        config;
    
    config = {
        // ### Production
        // When running Ghost in the wild, use the production environment.
        // Configure your URL and mail settings here
        production: {
            url: 'https://blog.domain.tld',
            mail: {
                transport: 'SMTP',
                options: {
                    service: 'Mailgun',
                    auth: {
                        user: '',
                        pass: ''
                    }
                }
            },
            database: {
                client: 'mysql',
                connection: {
                    host: '127.0.0.1',
                    user: 'your_database_user',
                    password: 'your_database_password',
                    database: 'your_database_name',
                    charset: 'utf8'
                },
                debug: false
            },
            // . . .
            // . . .
    

    NOTE: You should configure mail settings also. Consult the official Ghost documentation on how to do that.

11. Start Ghost in production environment:

    npm start --production
    

    Ghost will now be running. Both blog front-end and admin interface are secured with HTTPS and HTTP/2 is working also. You can open your browser and visit site at https://blog.domain.tld. Don’t forget to replace blog.domain.tld with your domain name.

12. Shut down Ghost process by pressing CTRL + C and exit from ghost user back to root user:

    exit
    

Running Ghost as a system service

If you close your terminal session with your VPS, your blog will also go down. That’s not good. To avoid this, we are going to use systemd. It will keep our blog up 24/7.

1. Create ghost.service systemd unit file. Run sudo vim /etc/systemd/system/ghost.service and copy/paste the below content:

   [Unit]
   Description=Ghost - the professional publishing platform
   Documentation=https://docs.ghost.org/v0.11.9
   After=network.target
   
   [Service]
   Type=simple
   # Edit WorkingDirectory, User and Group as needed
   WorkingDirectory=/var/www/ghost
   User=ghost
   Group=ghost
   ExecStart=/usr/bin/npm start --production
   ExecStop=/usr/bin/npm stop --production
   Restart=always
   SyslogIdentifier=Ghost
   
   [Install]
   WantedBy=multi-user.target
   

2. Enable and start ghost.service:

   sudo systemctl enable ghost.service && sudo systemctl start ghost.service
   

3. Check ghost.service status:

   sudo systemctl status ghost.service && sudo systemctl is-enabled ghost.service
   

4. Navigate to https://blog.domain.tld/ghost/ and create a Ghost admin user. Do this as soon as possible!

Conclusion

That’s it. We now have a fully functional Ghost blog. Your server is delivering content via HTTP/2 when supported by the client. If you want to change the default Ghost theme called Casper to a custom one, you can just download and unzip the theme into the /var/www/ghost/content/themes folder and select it via Ghost admin interface, located at https://blog.domain.tld/ghost.